Stepping into the kitchen, Katherine caught the aroma of her mother’s pumpkin pie in the oven. Memories assailed her--happier times of Christmases long past. If only . . .
“Katherine. I thought I heard you arrive.” Phillip suppressed the rage boiling up inside. His prodigal daughter would choose today, of all days, to intrude upon their lives.
“Really, Dad, you thought I wouldn’t come?” Katherine kept her expression neutral. She wouldn’t let her father see how his cruel tone affected her.
Hearing voices in the kitchen, Joan hurried downstairs. At the sight of her sister Katherine standing by the window, she gasped, a thrill of happiness raising goose bumps on her arms. “Oh, Kat! I’ve missed you!”
If this were the opening scene of a novel, which character would you identify with--Katherine, Phillip, or Joan? They all seem to have something important at stake. Confusing, isn’t it?
Why? Because this is a classic example of what is termed “head-hopping.”
Head-hopping occurs when a writer jumps willy-nilly from one character’s point of view to another’s throughout the scene. In the scene above, just when we’re starting to identify with Katherine,
It’s enough to give a reader whiplash!
For anyone who’s been writing for very long, especially if you’ve entered contests or joined a critique group, you’ve encountered the term SINGLE POV (point of view). Writing in single POV--and doing it well and consistently--is among the most important skills a writer must learn.
So what’s the big deal? Don’t readers want to know what’s going on inside each character’s head? Of course they do, at least for the central characters.
But if you feed your readers everyone’s viewpoint all at once, you deny them the one thing they want most from a good novel: deep and personal identification with a single--and singularly important--character.
The trick is to give them one main character they can relate to in this scene, and then, if the story calls for it, possibly a different but equally important character in the next scene. The scene-by-scene shift between the hero’s and heroine’s POV is typical of popular romance novels. If your plot dictates, you may even introduce one or more additional viewpoint characters (prominent supporting characters or possibly the antagonist) a little farther along in the book--and only after you have given your readers ample time to connect with the protagonist.
Mastering single point of view takes practice, but it’s a skill any writer can learn. And the truth is, it isn’t as hard as you might think. The first step is understanding exactly what viewpoint is, and Dwight Swain, author of Techniques of the Selling Writer, sums it up best:
Viewpoint is the spot from which you see a story. It’s the position and perspective you occupy in order best to savor a fictional experience.
Swain goes on to say:
Ordinarily, that vantage point is inside somebody’s skin.
Keep this advice in mind as we examine the various types of viewpoints an author might use.
OMNISCIENT VIEWPOINT. Just as the name implies, narration in omniscient viewpoint hovers over all the story action. In many ways, it’s like the example given at the start of this post. But we could even take the scene a step further by adding a paragraph such as this:
What none of them realized, however, was that a killer snowstorm lurked just over the horizon. Any moment now, it would swoop in and destroy any hopes this family had of salvaging Christmas.
The problem with omniscient viewpoint is the distance it places between the reader and the characters. While we’re getting some interesting insight into each of them, we never get the chance to connect deeply with just one of them. And since the paragraph I just added to the scene steps all the way into the omniscient author’s point of view, revealing a plot twist none of the characters has any awareness of or control over, the separation between reader and character is stretched even farther.
FIRST PERSON VIEWPOINT. In first person, the narrator is either the main character or an involved observer, and only first-person pronouns (e.g., I, me, my) are used when the narrator refers to himself or herself. A good example of the “involved observer” is Nick, the narrator of F. Scott Fitzgerald’s The Great Gatsby. Though Nick is mainly reporting what he learns about his neighbor Jay Gatsby, Nick has a stake in the story because his relationship with Gatsby will change him profoundly.To write in first person means to limit yourself to describing only what that character knows, thinks, feels, sees, experiences, or learns in the course of the story. The character can make judgments or assumptions about other characters, but the reader will experience the plot only through the narrator’s perceptions.
The challenge with writing first person is to keep the narration sounding natural, not stilted. In first person it’s also tempting to tell rather than show by fully dramatizing a scene. Too many sentences that are basically “I did this” or “I said that” get old very fast for your reader.
Certain skilled novelists such as Lisa Samson have successfully used multiple first-person narrators within the same novel, alternating narrators from chapter to chapter or changing narrators at crucial plot breaks. However, this is a technique best left to more experienced writers.
THIRD PERSON VIEWPOINT. Third person (he, she, him, her) is by far the most common writing style. It has some characteristics of omniscient viewpoint in that the author can access as many viewpoints as the story requires. Because third person by its very nature adds a layer of distancing between reader and character, it gives the author more flexibility than first person for providing natural-sounding description, inserting necessary background information, or interpreting events.LIMITED THIRD PERSON, the viewpoint editors and modern readers find most comfortable and natural, requires staying tightly connected to a single viewpoint, and only one viewpoint per scene. It’s almost as close as first person, and the language and syntax will be similar, with the exception of the pronouns used, because the narration is strongly tied to the character’s natural expression. Limited third person also gives the author some freedom to elaborate on description and background without sounding stilted or forced, as it might come across if told in first person.
How, then, do you decide who your viewpoint character will be? And once you decide, how do you remain firmly locked in that viewpoint?
The answer to the first question is simple: Your viewpoint character should be the character who has the most to gain or lose in this particular scene. Know your scene goal and you’ll know whose viewpoint to focus on. (See these Seekerville posts by Winnie Griggs and Janet Dean for more on scenes and scene goals.)
Now, to ground yourself firmly in that character, you must mentally put yourself inside his or her head. See the scene unfold through this character’s eyes. Hear what the character hears. Feel what the character feels. If someone walks into the room, imagine how the viewpoint character perceives the arrival.
Remember, THE READER CANNOT KNOW ANYTHING YOUR VIEWPOINT CHARACTER IS NOT CONSCIOUSLY AWARE OF IN THAT MOMENT.
Bearing all this in mind, let’s rewrite my opening example, this time strictly in Katherine’s viewpoint:
Stepping into the kitchen, Katherine caught the aroma of her mother’s pumpkin pie in the oven. Memories assailed her--happier times of Christmases long past. If only . . .
“Katherine. I thought I heard you arrive.” Rage flashed in her father’s eyes, and her stomach lurched. Clearly, she wasn’t welcome.
“Really, Dad, you thought I wouldn’t come?” Tamping down her emotions, Katherine kept her expression neutral. She wouldn’t let her father see how his cruel tone affected her.
Footsteps sounded on the staircase, and moments later, Katherine’s younger sister Joan burst into the kitchen, her sunny smile eclipsing their father’s scowl. “Oh, Kat! I’ve missed you!”
Can you see the difference? We still sense how upset Katherine’s father is that she came, and we still recognize how thrilled Joan is to see her sister again. But this time we’re experiencing the scene exclusively through Katherine’s perceptions. Doesn’t it make you care about her all the more? Doesn’t it fill you with curiosity about what she may have done (or not done) in the past to evoke these very different responses from her family?
Your assignment: Choose ONE character from the descriptions below and write a short scene exclusively in that character’s viewpoint. Pull out all the stops--sight, smell, sound, taste, touch. Include thoughts, feelings, and internal reactions. Share your scene in the comment section and we’ll see how you did with single POV!
LISA. College student arriving home for the holidays. She doesn’t want her parents to know she is failing a class.
TED. Lisa’s boyfriend. He wants to break up with her, but it’s Christmas.
KAREN. Lisa’s best friend. She has a crush on Ted but feels loyalty to Lisa.
JOE. Lisa’s father, a widower. He needs to tell Lisa he is planning to remarry, and he knows she won’t be happy about it.
For more help with point of view, check out these Seekerville posts:
Missy Tippens on "My View on Point of View"
Seekerville guest Lynne Marshall
Julie Lessman on "Confessions of a POV Queen"
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| Your host today, Myra Johnson |
Myra Johnson's latest release is When the Clouds Roll By (Abingdon Press, book 1 in the Till We Meet Again series). Watch for book 2, Whisper Goodbye, next spring, followed by Every Tear a Memory in the fall.
Annemarie Kendall is overjoyed when the armistice is signed and the
Great War comes to an end. Her fiancé, Lieutenant Gilbert Ballard, is
coming home, and though he is wounded, she is excited to start their
life together. But when he arrives, her dreams are dashed when she
learns Gilbert is suffering from headaches, depression, and an addiction
to pain killers. This is not the man she had planned to
marry. After serving in the trenches, Army Chaplain Samuel Vickary is
barely holding onto his faith. Putting up a brave front as he ministers
to the injured soldiers at the hospital in Hot Springs, Arkansas, he
befriends Gilbert and eventually falls for Annemarie. While Annemarie
tries to sort out her confused feelings about the two men in her life,
she witnesses firsthand the bitterness and hurt they
both hold within. Who will she choose? Will she have the courage to
follow her heart and become the woman God intended her to be? As the
world emerges from the shadow of war, Annemarie clings to her faith as
she wonders if her future holds the hope, happiness, and love for which
she so desperately longs.



